Production of Alternative fuel from Arecanut Husk
Nikhil
Malali BE Mechanical (Scientist) Malenadu Agri-Research & Development,
Hosanagar. nikhilamalali2020@gmail.com
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Abstract - The world is
confronted with twin crisis of fossil fuel depletion and environment
degradation. The indiscriminate extraction and consumption of fossil fuels has
led to reduction in petroleum reserves. Petroleum based fuels are obtained from
limited resources. These finite reserves are highly concentrated in certain
region of the word. Therefore, those countries that do not have are facing a
foreign exchange crisis, mainly due to the import of crude petroleum oil. Hence
it is necessary to look for alternative fuels. Which can be produced from
materials available within the country? In the present scenario, agricultural
and food waste is increasingly being considered a valuable resource. The fuel
properties namely flash and fire point, kinematic viscosity etc, were studied.
It was found that the properties were quite comparable to the properties of the
petroleum fuel. By using agricultural waste to produce bio-ethanol, it reduces
the cost of production and environmental impact related to the disposal of
wastes.
Keywords: Areca Husk, Bio-fuel, Esterification, Distillation.
Introduction
Arecanut is the species of palm which grown in much of tropical
regions. Asia and part of East Africa. The palm is believed to have originated
in Philippines and it is also grown in India. This species having many names as
areca palm, betel palm, Indian nut, etc. areca catechu is a medium sized and
palm tree growing straight to 20cm tall, with a trunks 10-15cm India meter.
areca is used for in chewing purpose and it is cultivated in all over world .In
India areca cultivation is mainly based on the formers, and also areca can be traditionally used crop. In
Arecanut then there are two part there are inner and outer part, the inner part
is consist of areca seed, and outer is covered fibrous layers. And only inner
seeds can be used for all purposes, but outer layer can be wasted. Arecanut
seed can be prepared by boiling and drying process after it can be send to
market for sale Cellulosic ethanol produced from various lignocelluloses
materials has the potential to be a valuable substitute for present day’s fuel
crisis. Lignocelluloses biomass, which is most abundant and low-cost biomass
world over, can be used as raw materials for production of fuel ethanol.
Bioethanol can be produced from any
plant material that contains glucose such as sugarcane, corn, sugar beet and
other cereals such as maize and burley (Behera et al., 2010). Over the course
of development, ethanol has been produced from a variety of feed stocks such as
bagasse, miscanthus, sorghum, grain sorghum, switch grass, reed canary 10
grass, cord grasses, hemp, kenaf, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, sunflower,
fruits, molasses, Stover, wheat and Jerusalem artichoke (Behera et al. 2010;
Hossain et al., 2009; Staniszewski et al., 2007; Sun and Cheng, 2002; Wen et
al., 2004; Zayed and Meyer, 1996).
ETHANOL BLENDED PETROL PROGRAM
Currently, ethanol for EBP program is
coming from molasses route as a by-product of sugar Industry. At the present
levels of cane and sugar production (about 350 MMT & 26-28 MMT per annum
respectively), the maximum quantity of molasses available is about 13 MMT,
which is sufficient to produce about 300 crore litres of alcohol/ethanol.
Currently, C- Heavy Molasses is being used to produce alcohol/ethanol. Adoption of B- heavy Molasses route for
ethanol production will be encouraged as per availability of sugar
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection
and milling of Arecanut husk
Arecanut husk samples were collected from
the local farmer in Hosanagar region, Karnataka, India and cleaned. Moisture
content was recorded and stored in an appropriate condition. The Arecanut husk
samples were sun dried and powdered sequentially using flour mill to obtain fine
sized particles.
Areca
husk sample
Pre-treatment on the Arecanut husk raw
material Acid hydrolysis
50 gram of the raw material was weighed
into 1liter conical flasks and 150 ml of 1N sulphuric acid was added to the
conical flask. The flasks were covered with Aluminum foil and heated for 30 min
on boiling water bath. The flask was allowed to cool and filtered. And
150 ml of dilute sulphuric acid is mixed and again heated up to 90 minutes after cool the pH was adjusted to 5. The
total, reducing and non reducing sugar content of pretreated raw materials was
estimated.
Acid Hydrolysis process
Alkaline hydrolysis
50 gram of dried sample was weighed into 2
liter conical flask and 550 ml of 0.25 M Sodium hydroxide solution was added to
the conical flask. The flask was left for two hour, after which the mixture was
neutralized with 0.1 M Hydrochloric acid to a pH of 5. The flask was allowed to
cool at room temperature and filtered. The total reducing and non- reducing
sugar content of pre-treated raw materials was estimated.
Fermentation Process
Fermentation is chemical
process by which molecules such as glucose are broken down anaerobically. More broadly,
fermentation is the foaming that occurs during the manufacture of wine and beer, a
process at least 10,000 years old. French chemist and microbiologist Louis
Pasteur in the 19th century used the term fermentation in a narrow sense
to describe the changes brought about by yeasts and other microorganisms growing in the absence of
air (anaerobically); he also recognized that ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide are not the only products of
fermentation. Fermentation of sample was done at a
room temperature. The fermentation can be done by adding baker yeast in the
sample. The yeast can be added in a proper concentration 1.2 gm respectively.
The sample was placed at a 30 C for 92 hours.
Fermentation process
Distillation Process
After fermentation the sample were ready for the
distillation. The distillation was done in the distillation assembly for about
8 hours. The distillation can be held twice in order to optimize the production
of bio ethanol in the final product.
Distillation process
INVESTIGATION
OF FUEL PROPERTIES
In this work, the
characteristic fuel properties of methyl ester of Areca husk (E100) and blend
with petrol in the proportion of 10:90(E10), 25:75(E25), 50:50(E50), and 75:25 (E75)
respectively have studied. The characteristic fuel properties of methyl ester
blend have found be very near to petrol.
Show
the characteristics fuel properties of Areca Bioethanol blend and Petrol
NO
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PARAMETER
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PETROL
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ARECA FUEL
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1
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Calorific
Value in KJ/Kg
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48000
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29706
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2
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Flash
Point in ℃
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44
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16.73
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3
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Fire
Point in ℃
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49
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21
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4
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Kinematic
Viscosity in CSt
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2.99
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1.3
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5
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Specific
Gravity
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0.7269
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0.771
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6
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Density
in Kg/m3
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729.8
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777.1
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ENGINE
TEST AND PERFORMANCE RESULT
The Device which
convert heat energy into mechanical energy are called heat engine the
conversion of chemical energy of fuel into available energy is success; The
degree of success is based on brake mean effective presser specific fuel
consumption and specific output Etc. The engine performance can be obtained by
running an engine with constant speed and fix the throttle to an accurate
position.
Engine setup
Brake Thermal Efficiency
Thermal
efficiency of the engine is defined as the ratio of output to the energy supplied
by the combustion of fuel. If the output is based on the indicated power is
known as indicated thermal efficiency and if the Output is based on brake power
it is known as brake thermal efficiency.
The brake thermal
efficiencies of different blends of the Bioethanol prepared using cocoa pod for
different load conditions can be seen in the above figure and table. The brake Thermal
efficiency of the blend E10 is seen to be higher when compared to the other
blends and it is also seen to be higher than that of petrol, whereas the brake
thermal efficiency of the blend E25 can be seen to be very close to that of
petrol.
Specific Fuel Consumption
Specific fuel
consumption is defined as the amount of fuel consumed per hour per unit power
developed. It is denoted by SFC. It is a comparative parameter that shows how efficiency
of an engine is converting fuel in to work.
Specific Fuel Consumption, SFC= mf/BP
Volumetric Efficiency
Volumetric
efficiency(VE)
in internal combustion engine engineering is defined as
the ratio of the mass density of the air-fuel
mixture drawn into the cylinder at atmospheric pressure (during the intake
stroke) to the mass density of the same volume of air in the intake manifold.
The term is also used in other engineering contexts, such as hydraulic
pumps and electronic components.
Emission Testing
An emission test
cycle is a protocol contained in an emission testing to allow
repeatable and comparable measurement of exhaust emissions
or different engines or vehicles. Test cycles
specify the specific conditions under which the engine or vehicle is operated
during the emission test. There are many different test cycles issued by
various national and international governments and working
groups. Specified parameters in a test cycle include a range of operating temperature, speed, and load. Ideally these are specified so as to
accurately and realistically represent the range of conditions under which the
vehicle or engine will be operated in actual use. Because it is impractical to
test an engine or vehicle under every possible combination of speed, load, and
temperature, this may not actually be the case.
CONCLUSION
Alternative fuels
for SI engine have become increasingly important due to diminishing petroleum
reserves and awareness of the increased environmental problems. The use of
“renewable fuels” may be the key to overcome these problems. The objective of the present work was to
analyse the suitability of blend of Bioethanol-petrol as an alternative SI
engine fuel. The most important advantage of this Bioethanol is that it is a
renewable. The engine performance test was carried out on SI engine using blend
of 10% ethanol-90% petrol and 25% ethanol-75% petrol while pure petrol was used
as a reference fuel. The experimental results show that engine performance with
blend was found to be slightly poorer in comparison with reference fuel. From
the present experimental study of alternative engine fuel, it can be concluded
that a SI engine can be successfully operated with blends of Bioethanol-petrol
without any major engine modification and operational difficulty .Conclusion
can be drawn based on the SI engine performance and emission characteristics of
Bioethanol-petrol blends and petrol in a multi cylinder spark ignition engine
without any modification in the engine at various engine speeds. The result may
conclude as:
·
The use
of ethanol as a fuel additive to gasoline causes in the improvement in engine
performance and exhaust emissions.
·
Since ethanol has lower calorific value so the
brake specific fuel consumption of the ethanol-gasoline blends are found to be
higher than gasoline.
·
Brake
thermal efficiency of the ethanol-gasoline blends is found to be higher in
comparison to gasoline.
·
Due to
oxygen contain by ethanol-gasoline blends, the exhaust gas temperature of the
blends are found to be lower in comparison to gasoline.
From the results,
it can be concluded that ethanol blends are quite successful in replacing pure
Petrol in Spark Ignition Engine. Results clearly show that there is an increase
in Specific Fuel Consumption because of low calorific Value of ethanol than
petrol and also increase in the mechanical efficiency and Brake thermal
efficiency. So from the curves it is seen that 10% and 25% ethanol blended
petrol is the best choice for use in the existing Spark Ignition Engines
without any modification to increase Efficiency. A little consideration has to
be taken on material used as maximum pressure inside cylinder is increased by
blending.
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